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Knowledge is the Ultimate Asset

Bidburg Academy provides the scholarly foundation required to navigate the highest echelons of the global art market.

Scholarly

The Glossary

A definitive A-Z of the global auction industry.

  • Hammer Price
  • Premium & Reserved
  • Provenance Analysis
  • White Glove Sales
  • Condition Gradings
Scholarly

Authentication Guides

Vetted methods for identifying authenticity & quality.

  • 18th Century Hallmarks
  • Philatelic Watermarking
  • Brushwork in Old Masters
  • Swiss Movement ID
  • Jadeite Spectroscopy
Scholarly

The Legal Framework

Navigating international art law and logistics.

  • AML & KYC for Dealers
  • Cycades & Export Rules
  • Restitution of Cultural Property
  • Tax-Free Freeports
  • Insurance Valuation

Hallmarks & Signatures

Silver Hallmarks

  • 84 Zolotnik (Russian)
  • Sterling .925 (British)
  • Minerve (French)
  • 800 (German)
View Guide

Porcelain Marks

  • Meissen Crossed Swords
  • KPM Scepter
  • Gardner St. George
  • Sevres Interlaced Ls
View Guide

Gold Standards

  • 56 Zolotnik
  • 18 Karat (750)
  • 24 Karat (999)
  • Swiss Duck Head
View Guide

Fine Art Signatures

  • Cyrillic Monograms
  • Dated Verso
  • Estate Stamps
  • Foundry Marks
View Guide

Artist Index by Country

Russia

  • Aivazovsky, Ivan
  • Chagall, Marc
  • Kandinsky, Wassily
  • Malevich, Kazimir
  • Repin, Ilya
  • Serov, Valentin
  • Shishkin, Ivan
View All Russia

France

  • Cezanne, Paul
  • Degas, Edgar
  • Gauguin, Paul
  • Monet, Claude
  • Renoir, Pierre-Auguste
  • Rodin, Auguste
  • Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri
View All France

Italy

  • Boccioni, Umberto
  • Caravaggio
  • Da Vinci, Leonardo
  • Michelangelo
  • Modigliani, Amedeo
  • Raphael
  • Titian
View All Italy

Germany

  • Dürer, Albrecht
  • Ernst, Max
  • Kiefer, Anselm
  • Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig
  • Richter, Gerhard
View All Germany

USA

  • Basquiat, Jean-Michel
  • Hopper, Edward
  • O'Keeffe, Georgia
  • Pollock, Jackson
  • Warhol, Andy
View All USA

United Kingdom

  • Bacon, Francis
  • Constable, John
  • Hirst, Damien
  • Hockney, David
  • Turner, J.M.W.
View All United Kingdom
Curated in Collaboration with
Courtauld Institute
NYU Art Business
Sotheby's Institute
The Getty Research

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